Class 12 Physics
Electrostatics, Magnetism and Optics
- Coulomb's law: F = k q1q2 / r^2
- Electric field: E = F/q
- Potential difference: V = W/Q
- Ohm's law: V = IR
- Electrical power: P = VI
- Force on moving charge: F = q(v x B)
- Faraday's law: EMF = -dPhi/dt
- Inductance: V = L di/dt
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
- Photoelectric equation: E = h nu - phi
- de Broglie wavelength: lambda = h/p
Class 12 Chemistry
Solutions, Kinetics and Organic Chemistry
- Molarity: M = n/V
- Molality: m = n/kg solvent
- Nernst equation: E = E degree - (RT/nF) ln Q
- Rate law: Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n
- First-order half-life: t1/2 = 0.693/k
- Arrhenius equation: k = A e^(-Ea/RT)
- Aldehydes: RCHO
- Ketones: RCOR'
- Carboxylic acids: RCOOH
- Amines: RNH2, R2NH, R3N
Class 12 Biology
Genetics, Biotechnology and Ecology
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
- Allele frequency: p + q = 1
- PCR: DNA amplification through repeated thermal cycles
- Population growth: dN/dt = rN
- Logistic growth: dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K)
- Biodiversity index: D = sum n(n-1)/N(N-1)
- Vaccine efficacy: VE = (ARU - ARV) / ARU x 100
- Antibody affinity: Ka = [Ab-Ag]/[Ab][Ag]